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What Is Hurricane Storm Surge, and Why Can It Be So Catastrophic?_我的网站

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By Anthony C. Didlake Jr.
Of all the hazards that hurricanes bring, storm surge is the greatest threat to life and property along the coast. It can sweep homes off their foundations, flood riverside communities miles inland, and break up dunes and levees that normally protect coastal areas against storms.
As a hurricane reaches the coast, it pushes a huge volume of ocean water ashore. This is what we call storm surge.
This surge appears as a gradual rise in the water level as the storm approaches. Depending on the size and track of the hurricane, storm surge flooding can last for several hours. It then recedes after the storm passes.
Water level heights during a hurricane can reach 20 feet or more above normal sea level. With powerful waves on top of it, a hurricane’s storm surge can cause catastrophic damage.
What determines how high storm surge gets?
Storm surge begins over the open ocean. The strong winds of a hurricane push the ocean waters around and cause water to pile up under the storm. The low air pressure of the storm also plays a small role in lifting the water level. The height and extent of this pile of water depend on the strength and size of the hurricane.
As this pile of water moves toward the coast, other factors can change its height and extent.
If a coastal area has a sea floor that gently slopes away from the coastline, it’s more likely to see a higher storm surge than an area with a steeper drop-off. Gentle slopes along the Louisiana and Texas coasts have contributed to some devastating storm surges. Hurricane Katrina’s surge in 2005 broke levees and flooded New Orleans. Hurricane Ike’s 15- to 17-foot storm surge and waves swept hundreds of homes off Texas’ Bolivar Peninsula in 2008. Both were large, powerful storms that hit in vulnerable locations.
The shape of the coastline can also shape the surge. When storm surge enters a bay or river, the geography of the land can act as a funnel, sending the water even higher.
Other factors that shape storm surge
Ocean tides – caused by the gravity of the moon and sun – can also strengthen or weaken the impact of storm surge. So, it’s important to know the timing of the local tides compared to the hurricane landfall.
At high tide, the water is already at an elevated height. If landfall happens at high tide, the storm surge will cause even higher water levels and bring more water further inland. The Carolinas saw those effects when Hurricane Isaias hit at close to high tide on Aug. 3, 2020. Isaias brought a storm surge of about 4 feet at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, but the water level was more than 10 feet above normal.
How storm surge and high tide add up to coastal flooding.(The COMET Program/UCAR and National Weather Service)
Sea level rise is another growing concern that influences storm surge.
As water warms, it expands, and that has slowly raised sea level over the past century as global temperatures have risen. Freshwater from melting of ice sheets and glaciers also adds to sea level rise. Together, they elevate the background ocean height. When a hurricane arrives, the higher ocean means storm surge can bring water further inland, to a more dangerous and widespread effect.
。 공정위, 과징금 3.4억원 부과 [듀오]결혼정보업체 듀오가 전문직·명문대 회원 수를 업계 최다라고 허위·과장 광고한 혐의 등으로 공정거래위원회의 제재를 받았다.공정위는 표시광고법상 거짓·과장 광고 혐의로 듀오에 시정명령과 공표명령을 내리고 과징금 3억4500만원을 부과했다고 26일 밝혔다.조사 결과 듀오는 2022년 4월께부터 최근까지 인터넷 기사와 홈페이지, 블로그, 옥외 광고 등을 통해 ‘업계 최다 전문직 5135명’, ‘명문대 회원 수 1만6479명 업계 최다 보유’ 등의 문구를 내걸어 광고했다.그러나 공정위는 이 같은 광고에 객관적인 근거가 없었으며, 듀오가 경쟁 업체와 비교하는 과정도 전혀 거치지 않았다고 지적했다. 전문직과 명문대의 기준 역시 듀오가 자의적으로 정해 산출한 통계라고 판단했다.듀오는 의사와 치과의사, 한의사, 수의사, 약사, 변호사, 판·검사, 회계사, 세무사 등을 전문직으로 분류했다. 명문대에는 의학계열 대학과 서울·수도권 대학, 지방국립대, 사관학교, 한국과학기술원(KAIST) 등 특수대학을 포함했다.듀오는 ‘업계 유일의 외부감사 대상 법인’, ‘국내 유일 금융감독원 전자공시 업체’ 등으로 광고한 혐의도 받았다.실제로는 광고 기간 중 전자공시시스템(DART)에 감사보고서를 공시한 경쟁 결혼정보업체가 있었던 만큼 공정위는 해당 광고 역시 허위라고 판단했다.듀오는 또 ‘업계 최대 230명 전문 매니저’라고 광고했지만 실제 매니저는 2023년 10월 기준 188명에 그쳤다. 광고에 내세운 230명에는 일반 직원까지 포함된 것으로 나타났다.공정위는 결혼정보업 시장의 경우 고객이 실제 가입해 서비스를 이용하기 전까지 상품 내용을 알기 어려운 만큼 사업자들이 광고할 때 객관적인 근거와 사실에 기반한 정확한 정보를 제공하는 것이 중요하다고 강조했다.공정위 관계자는 “앞으로도 결혼정보업 분야의 부당한 광고를 지속해서 감시하고, 소비자가 신뢰할 수 있는 거래 환경이 조성되도록 노력할 계획”이라고 말했다.。
二 |
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